Extract B-HFLF model

How to extract Bilateral High and Low Frequency memory (B-HFLF) model for High Power Amplifier (HPA). The HPA-B-HFLF model is the most complete biilateral amplifier model. It brings together the strengths of HPA-U-HFLF and HPA-B-HF models and eliminates their limitations. This model makes it possible to represent quite faithfully both long-term memory effects (polarization, thermal, trap) and short-term memory effects. This model is therefore suitable for almost all applications (narrowband, wideband, variable envelope, radar). On the other hand, it makes it possible to take into account the changes in load and source impedance. .

1. Create a new HPA device
   In an opened project, you can create a device from Applications window or Workspace window.

   

   • From Applications window, right-click on Device modeler and click on Create device. You can also right-click on HPA and click on Create HPA device.
   • From Workspace window, click on Device modeler button, select HPA and click on Open button then New button.
   The Create a new device dialog box is displayed.

   
   

   

   
   

   1. In Type field, select HPA.
   2. In Model field, select HPA-B-HFLF.
   3. In Name field, edit the name of your device. Here, we will name it "HPA_example3".
   Click on Create button to display the new device in the tree of Applications window and the settings of the extraction in Workspace window.

   
   

   

   
   

2. Choose your data file
   
   

   

   
   In the Extraction Settings section, fill in the BHF data file field with the absolute or relative path of your load-pull measurement or simulation file with the extension .dat, .cst, .imx or .txt. In addition, fill in the 1-Tone data file field with the absolute or relative path of your 1-Tone CW measurement or simulation file with the extension .dat. Click on Browser button to open the file browser and select your file in the local file system. The file browser opens directly to the data directory specified when creating the project. Also, fill in the 2-Tones data file field with the absolute or relative path of your 2-Tones simulation file or 3-Tones measurement file with the extension .dat.
3. Tune power and frequency approximation order parameters

   

   In Bilateral model order parameter, choose the order corresponding to the measurement data.
   In Power approximation order, HF frequency approximation order and LF frequency approximation order fields, start to put low orders and checks results graphically after extraction.
   Nota Bene:

   Bilateral part of the model is identified from the CW load-pull measurement. This roughly corresponds to applying the principle of extracting the HPA-U-HF model on several load impedances. The HPA-B-HF model is declined in several bilateral order, ranging from 0 to 3. The greater the order, the more the model is able to take into account strong load mismatches in the nonlinear operating zone. It takes a minimum of 3 load impedances to be able to identify the simplest bilateral model (Bilateral order 1), 6 impedances for bilateral order 2 and 10 impedances for bilateral order 3.

   The power approximation order can not be greater than the number of power points included in the data file.

   The frequency approximation order can not be greater than the number of frequency points included in the data file. If exceeded, VISION will send a message in the Output Console window and automatically truncate the order of approximation to the maximum number allowed.

   Also, you must take care to consider the frequency approximation order as low as possible (do not seek a perfect fit of the frequency characteristics by pushing the order of approximation to the maximum).

   The Technological dispersions option allows to specify a distribution law of the gain (module) and phase shift characteristics of the amplifier. Two laws of dispersion are possible (Uniform or Gaussian law). The dispersion is characterized by two parameters: the standard deviation Module, given in % of the nominal value for the gain, and the standard deviation Phase in degrees for the phase shift.

4. Extract behavioral model and check with output graphs
   Click on Extract button to start the extraction process of the model. The output console is displayed:
   

   

   
   
   The message Model Fit Error is showing the normalized mean square error (NMSE) between data and model. The output console also displays tips on filters to apply to measurement data to improve model accuracy. Close the window to see in the Applications window the number of the newly created extraction, here, 001. The results are saved and can visualized at any time by designating in the tree the associated extraction. Click on the Output graphs tab to see comparisons between data and model.

   
   

   

   
   

   Various graphs are available to check the quality of the model according to three dimensions: power, frequency and load impedance.
   To examine the quality of the approximation of the nonlinear pseudo parameter S21, select Volterra Model HPA-B-HF [Output reflected power wave: B2] in Figures section and choose graphs you want to display in Graphs section:

   • Tick dB[S21 = B2/A1] [par=Pin, Load] to display, for different input power and load impedances, the modulus of the nonlinear pseudo parameter S21 in dB as a function of dFreq, the offset between the central frequency of the device characterization band and the frequency of the CW signal.
   • Tick phase[S21 = B2/A1] [par=Pin, Load] to display, for different input power and load impedances, the phase of the nonlinear pseudo parameter S21 in dB as a function of dFreq, the offset between the center frequency of the device characterization band and the frequency of the CW signal.
   • Tick dB[S21 = B2/A1] [par=Freq, Load] to display, for different carrier frequencies and load impedances, the modulus of the nonlinear pseudo parameter S21 in dB as a function of Pin, the power of the CW input signal.
   • Tick phase[S21 = B2/A1] [par=Freq, Load] to display, for different carrier frequencies and load impedances, the phase of the nonlinear pseudo parameter S21 in dB as a function of Pin, the power of the CW input signal.
   To examine the quality of the approximation on the gain, select Volterra Model HPA-U-HFLF [1Tone RF Gain] in Figures section and choose graphs you want to display in Graphs section:

   • Tick dB[1Tone CW Gain] [par=Pin] to display, for different input power, the modulus of gain in dB as a function of dFreq, the offset between the central frequency of the device characterization band and the frequency of the CW signal.
   • Tick phase[1Tone CW Gain] [par=Pin] to display, for different input power, the phase of gain in dB as a function of dFreq, the offset between the center frequency of the device characterization band and the frequency of the CW signal.
   • Tick dB[1Tone CW Gain] [par=Freq] to display, for different frequencies, the modulus of gain in dB as a function of Pin, the power of the CW input signal.
   • Tick phase[1Tone CW Gain] [par=Freq] to display, for different frequencies, the phase of gain in dB as a function of Pin, the power of the CW input signal.
   The graphs show the curves of data (from measurement or simulation) in red lines and the extracted model in blue lines. The legend recalls the error NMSE between model and data. If the number of curves makes the graphs unreadable, click on Configure button to reduce the density of curves and/or limit the input power range and frequency band. Select Volterra Model HPA-U-HFLF [2Tone RF/RF Parametric Gain] in Figures section to display the parametric gain between the input and output small-amplitude tone CW signal, depending on input power and frequency. Select Volterra Model HPA-U-HFLF [2Tone RF/IMD3 Conversion Gain] in Figures section to display the conversion gain between the input small-amplitude tone CW signal and the generated IM3, depending on input power and frequency. Select Volterra Model HPA-U-HFLF [1Tone DC consumption] in Figures section to display power consumption of the device under 1-tone CW signal depending on input power and frequency. Select Volterra Model HPA-U-HFLF [2Tone RF/DC Conversion Gain] in Figures section to display conversion gain between the input small-amplitude tone CW signal and the DC signal depending on input power and frequency.
5. Check measurement aberration and noise measurement
   The first extraction is an opportunity to verify the data. It should be noted that 2-tone measurements may contain errors and numerical aberrations that may make the identification of the model difficult and impoverish the final precision of the model. VISION provides some tools to limit or eliminate these phenomena in order to avoid doing measurements again. In Applications window, click on your device, here HPA_example_BHFLF, to show up Settings tab in the Workspace window. Click on Extraction Options section to reveal some options:

   • Measurement aberration and noise polish filters: for the U-HFLF model, the option CW power gain aberrations is available to filter the noise that can be encountered on the 1-tone measurement data. This options allows to approximate CW power gain curve with a polynomial of order 1 or 2. The option Low frequency offset conversion gain assure no long-term memory for close frequency tones by applying a smart filter. The option Small signal conversion gain assure no long-term memory for small signal input with a smart filter selection. The user must choose the filter order appropriately.
   • Extraction power and frequency range tune: depending on the needs or observations on the data, one can modify the range of input power and/or the frequency band of the data with which the extraction of the model can be performed.

   
   

   

   
   The option Frequency grid oversampling increases the frequency step in order to improve the approximation of the phase, especially if this one presents a variation greater than $2\mathrm{\pi }$ in radian according to the frequency.
6. Tune power and frequency range
   If the first extraction is not satisfactory, it is necessary to increase the order of approximation power and/or frequency taking into account the advice displayed in the output console on the BF frequency approximation order and the filters to be applied.
7. Apply a test plan
   It is recommended to perform basic simulations after an extraction to check the behavior of the model in the face of signals different from those used for its identification. VISION provides tools to simply configure signals and perform simulations directly after model extraction. In Applications window, click on your device, here HPA_example_BHFLF, to show up Settings tab in the Workspace window. Click on Test plan section to reveal two options:

   • Automatic tests: this option allows you to perform simulations with 2-tone and pulse signals whose settings are set automatically, except for the pulse width period.
   • Normal test: this option allows simulations with CW, 2-tone, pulse and white noise signals. You can also provide your own IQ file by specifying the path of the file. (see Figure 8)